.\"	$OpenBSD: kcov.4,v 1.10 2021/12/30 06:55:37 anton Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2018 Anton Lindqvist <anton@openbsd.org>
.\"
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
.\"
.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: December 30 2021 $
.Dt KCOV 4
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm kcov
.Nd kernel code coverage tracing
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd pseudo-device kcov
.Pp
.In sys/kcov.h
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
driver implements collection of code coverage inside the kernel.
It can be enabled on a per thread basis from user space,
allowing the kernel program counter to be collected during syscalls triggered by
the same thread.
The collected coverage can be accessed by mapping the device
using
.Xr mmap 2 .
.Pp
By default,
.Nm
is not enabled but instead requires the following line to be present in the
kernel configuration:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
pseudo-device kcov 1
.Ed
.Pp
The following
.Xr ioctl 2
calls are provided:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Dv KIOSETBUFSIZE Fa unsigned long *nentries
Allocate a coverage buffer with a capacity of
.Fa nentries .
The buffer can be accessed using
.Xr mmap 2 ,
whereas the returned pointer must be interpreted as an array of
.Vt unsigned long
entries.
The first entry contains the number of entries in the array,
excluding the first entry.
.It Dv KIOENABLE Fa int *mode
Enable code coverage tracing for the current thread or any remote
subsystem attached using
.Dv KIOREMOTEATTACH .
The
.Fa mode
must be one of the following:
.Bl -ohang
.It Dv KCOV_MODE_TRACE_PC
Trace the kernel program counter.
.It Dv KCOV_MODE_TRACE_CMP
Trace comparison instructions and switch statements.
For switch statements, the number of traced comparison instructions is equal to
the number of switch cases.
Each traced comparison instruction is represented by 4 entries in the coverage
buffer:
.Bl -enum
.It
A mask where the least significant bit is set if one of the comparison operands
is a compile-time constant, which is always true for switch statements.
The remaining bits represents the log2 size of the operands, ranging from 0 to
3.
.It
First comparison operand.
For switch statements, this operand corresponds to the case value.
.It
Second comparison operand.
For switch statements, this operand corresponds to the value passed to switch.
.It
Kernel program counter where the comparison instruction took place.
.El
.Pp
In this mode, the first entry in the coverage buffer reflects the number of
traced comparison instructions.
Thus, the effective number of entries in the coverage buffer is given by
multiplying the first entry by 4.
.El
.It Dv KIODISABLE Fa void
Disable code coverage tracing for the current thread.
.It Dv KIOREMOTEATTACH Fa struct kio_remote_attach *remote
Attach collection of remote coverage from other kernel threads, identified
by a subsystem.
Collection of remote coverage is mutually exclusive with coverage collection
of the current thread.
The
.Va remote
argument is a pointer to the following structure:
.Bd -literal
struct kio_remote_attach {
	int	subsystem;
	int	id;
};
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Va subsystem
field must be one of the following:
.Bl -ohang
.It Dv KCOV_REMOTE_COMMON
Collect coverage from tasks and timeouts scheduled by the current process,
see
.Xr task_add 9
and
.Xr timeout 9 .
The
.Fa id
field is ignored.
.El
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /dev/kcov -compact
.It Pa /dev/kcov
Default device node.
.El
.Sh EXAMPLES
In the following example,
the
.Xr read 2
syscall is traced and the coverage displayed, which in turn can be passed to
.Xr addr2line 1
in order to translate the kernel program counter into the file name and line
number it corresponds to.
.Bd -literal
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/kcov.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>

#include <err.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int
main(void)
{
	unsigned long *cover, i;
	unsigned long size = 1024;
	int fd, mode;

	fd = open("/dev/kcov", O_RDWR);
	if (fd == -1)
		err(1, "open");

	if (ioctl(fd, KIOSETBUFSIZE, &size) == -1)
		err(1, "ioctl: KIOSETBUFSIZE");
	cover = mmap(NULL, size * sizeof(unsigned long),
	    PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
	if (cover == MAP_FAILED)
		err(1, "mmap");

	mode = KCOV_MODE_TRACE_PC;
	if (ioctl(fd, KIOENABLE, &mode) == -1)
		err(1, "ioctl: KIOENABLE");
	read(-1, NULL, 0);
	if (ioctl(fd, KIODISABLE) == -1)
		err(1, "ioctl: KIODISABLE");

	for (i = 0; i < cover[0]; i++)
		printf("%p\en", (void *)cover[i + 1]);

	if (munmap(cover, size * sizeof(unsigned long)) == -1)
		err(1, "munmap");
	close(fd);

	return 0;
}
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr files.conf 5 ,
.Xr kcov_remote_register 9
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
driver first appeared in
.Ox 6.4 .
.Sh AUTHORS
The
.Nm
driver was written by
.An Anton Lindqvist Aq Mt anton@openbsd.org .
.Sh CAVEATS
The
.Nm
driver is limited to architectures using
.Xr clang 1
as their default compiler.