.\" $OpenBSD: usb.4,v 1.220 2024/10/07 07:35:40 kevlo Exp $ .\" $NetBSD: usb.4,v 1.15 1999/07/29 14:20:32 augustss Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1999 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation .\" by Lennart Augustsson. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS .\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED .\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR .\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS .\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR .\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF .\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS .\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN .\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) .\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE .\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .Dd $Mdocdate: October 7 2024 $ .Dt USB 4 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm usb , .Nm uhub .Nd introduction to Universal Serial Bus support .Sh SYNOPSIS .Cd "# octeon specific" .Cd "dwctwo0 at iobus? irq 56" .Cd "# all architectures" .Cd "ehci* at cardbus?" .Cd "ohci* at cardbus?" .Cd "uhci* at cardbus?" .Cd "ehci* at pci?" .Cd "ohci* at pci?" .Cd "uhci* at pci?" .Cd "xhci* at pci?" .Cd "usb* at dwctwo?" .Cd "usb* at ehci? flags 0x00" .Cd "usb* at ohci? flags 0x00" .Cd "usb* at uhci? flags 0x00" .Cd "usb* at xhci? flags 0x00" .Cd "uhub* at usb?" .Cd "uhub* at uhub?" .Pp .Cd option USBVERBOSE .Pp .In dev/usb/usb.h .In dev/usb/usbhid.h .Sh DESCRIPTION .Ox provides machine-independent bus support and drivers for Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices. .Pp The .Ox .Nm driver has three layers (like .Xr scsi 4 and .Xr pcmcia 4 ) : the controller, the bus, and the device layer. The controller attaches to a physical bus (like .Xr pci 4 or .Xr cardbus 4 ) . The USB bus attaches to the controller and the root hub attaches to the USB bus. Devices, which may include further hubs, attach to the root hub. The attachment forms the same tree structure as the physical USB device tree. For each USB device there may be additional drivers attached to it. .Pp The .Cm uhub driver controls USB hubs and must always be present since there is at least one root hub in any USB system. .Pp The .Cm flags are used to specify if the devices on the USB bus should be probed early in the boot process. If the .Cm flags are specified with a value of 1, the USB bus will be probed when the USB host device is attached instead of waiting until kernel processes start running. .Pp .Ox provides support for the following devices. Note that not all architectures support all devices. .Ss Storage devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr umass 4 USB Mass Storage Devices, e.g., external disk drives .El .Ss Wired network interfaces .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr aue 4 ADMtek AN986/ADM8511 Pegasus family 10/100 USB Ethernet device .It Xr axe 4 ASIX Electronics AX88172/AX88178/AX88772 10/100/1Gb USB Ethernet device .It Xr axen 4 ASIX Electronics AX88179/AX88179A/AX88772D 10/100/1Gb USB Ethernet device .It Xr cdce 4 USB Communication Device Class Ethernet device .It Xr cue 4 CATC USB-EL1201A USB Ethernet device .It Xr kue 4 Kawasaki LSI KL5KUSB101B USB Ethernet device .It Xr mos 4 MosChip MCS7730/7830/7832 10/100 USB Ethernet device .It Xr mue 4 Microchip LAN75xx/LAN78xx 10/100/1Gb USB Ethernet device .It Xr smsc 4 SMSC LAN95xx 10/100 USB Ethernet device .It Xr uaq 4 Aquantia AQC111U/AQC112U 100/1Gb/2.5Gb/5Gb USB Ethernet device .It Xr udav 4 Davicom DM9601 10/100 USB Ethernet device .It Xr ure 4 Realtek RTL8152/RTL8153/RTL8153B/RTL8153D/RTL8156 10/100/1Gb/2.5Gb USB Ethernet device .It Xr url 4 Realtek RTL8150L 10/100 USB Ethernet device .It Xr urndis 4 USB Remote NDIS Ethernet device .El .Ss Wireless network interfaces .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr athn 4 Atheros IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n wireless network device .It Xr atu 4 Atmel AT76C50x IEEE 802.11b wireless network device .It Xr bwfm 4 Broadcom and Cypress IEEE 802.11a/ac/ax/b/g/n wireless network device .It Xr mtw 4 MediaTek USB IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless network device .It Xr otus 4 Atheros USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n wireless network device .It Xr rsu 4 Realtek RTL8188SU/RTL8192SU USB IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless network device .It Xr rum 4 Ralink Technology/MediaTek USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless network device .It Xr run 4 Ralink Technology/MediaTek USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n wireless network device .It Xr uath 4 Atheros USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless network device .It Xr upgt 4 Conexant/Intersil PrismGT SoftMAC USB IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network device .It Xr ural 4 Ralink Technology/MediaTek USB IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network device .It Xr urtw 4 Realtek RTL8187L/RTL8187B USB IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network device .It Xr urtwn 4 Realtek RTL8188CU/RTL8188EU/RTL8188FTV/RTL8192CU/RTL8192EU USB IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless network device .It Xr wi 4 Intersil PRISM 2-3 IEEE 802.11b wireless network device .It Xr zyd 4 ZyDAS ZD1211/ZD1211B USB IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network device .El .Ss Serial and parallel interfaces .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr moscom 4 MosChip Semiconductor MCS7703 based USB serial adapter .It Xr uark 4 Arkmicro Technologies ARK3116 based USB serial adapter .It Xr ubsa 4 Belkin USB serial adapter .It Xr uchcom 4 WinChipHead CH9102/343/341/340 based USB serial adapter .It Xr ucom 4 USB tty support .It Xr ucrcom 4 Chromebook USB serial console .It Xr ucycom 4 Cypress microcontroller based USB serial adapter .It Xr uftdi 4 FTDI USB serial adapter .It Xr uipaq 4 iPAQ USB units .It Xr ukspan 4 Keyspan USB serial adapter .It Xr ulpt 4 USB printer support .It Xr umcs 4 MosChip Semiconductor based USB multiport serial adapter .It Xr umct 4 MCT USB-RS232 USB serial adapter .It Xr umodem 4 USB modem support .It Xr umsm 4 Qualcomm MSM modem device .It Xr uplcom 4 Prolific PL-2303 USB serial adapter .It Xr uscom 4 simple USB serial adapters .It Xr uslcom 4 Silicon Laboratories CP210x based USB serial adapter .It Xr uslhcom 4 Silicon Laboratories CP2110 based USB serial adapter .It Xr uticom 4 Texas Instruments TUSB3410 USB serial adapter .It Xr uvisor 4 USB Handspring Visor .It Xr uvscom 4 SUNTAC Slipper U VS-10U USB serial adapter .It Xr uxrcom 4 Exar XR21V1410 USB serial adapter .El .Ss Audio devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr uaudio 4 USB audio devices .It Xr umidi 4 USB MIDI devices .El .Ss Video devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr udl 4 DisplayLink DL-120/DL-160 USB display devices .It Xr utvfu 4 USB Fushicai USBTV007 audio/video capture device .It Xr uvideo 4 USB video devices .El .Ss Time receiver devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr udcf 4 Gude ADS Expert mouseCLOCK USB timedelta sensor .It Xr umbg 4 Meinberg Funkuhren USB5131 timedelta sensor .El .Ss Radio receiver devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr udsbr 4 D-Link DSB-R100 USB radio device .El .Ss Human Interface Devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr fido 4 FIDO/U2F security keys .It Xr ubcmtp 4 Broadcom trackpad mouse .It Xr ucc 4 Consumer Control keyboards .It Xr ugold 4 TEMPer gold HID thermometer and hygrometer .It Xr uhid 4 Generic driver for Human Interface Devices .It Xr uhidev 4 Base driver for all Human Interface Devices .It Xr uhidpp 4 Logitech HID++ devices .It Xr ujoy 4 USB joysticks/gamecontrollers .It Xr ukbd 4 USB keyboards that follow the boot protocol .It Xr ums 4 USB HID mouse, touchscreen and digitiser devices .It Xr umstc 4 Microsoft Surface Type Cover keyboard .It Xr umt 4 USB HID multitouch touchpad devices .It Xr uoaklux 4 Toradex OAK USB illuminance sensor .It Xr uoakrh 4 Toradex OAK USB temperature and relative humidity sensor .It Xr uoakv 4 Toradex OAK USB +/-10V 8channel ADC interface .It Xr upd 4 USB Power Devices sensor .It Xr uthum 4 TEMPer HID thermometer and hygrometer .It Xr utpms 4 Apple touchpad mouse .It Xr utrh 4 USBRH temperature and humidity sensor .It Xr utwitch 4 YUREX USB twitch/jiggle of knee sensor .It Xr uwacom 4 Wacom USB tablets .El .Ss WAN network devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr umb 4 USB Mobile Broadband Interface Model (MBIM) .El .Ss Miscellaneous devices .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset ind -compact .It Xr uberry 4 Research In Motion BlackBerry .It Xr ugen 4 USB generic device support .It Xr ugl 4 Genesys Logic based host-to-host adapters .It Xr uonerng 4 Moonbase Otago OneRNG TRNG .It Xr uow 4 Maxim/Dallas DS2490 USB 1-Wire adapter .It Xr upl 4 Prolific based host-to-host adapters .It Xr urng 4 USB Random Number Generator devices .It Xr usps 4 USPS composite AC power and temperature sensor .It Xr uts 4 USB touchscreen support .El .Sh INTRODUCTION TO USB There are different versions of the USB which provide different speeds. USB 3 can operate up to 5.0Gb/s. USB 2 operates at 480Mb/s, while USB versions 1 and 1.1 operate at 12 Mb/s and 1.5 Mb/s for low speed devices. Each USB has a host controller that is the master of the bus; all other devices on the bus only speak when spoken to. .Pp There can be up to 127 devices (apart from the host controller) on a bus, each with its own address. The addresses are assigned dynamically by the host when each device is attached to the bus. .Pp Within each device there can be up to 16 endpoints. Each endpoint is individually addressed and the addresses are static. Each of these endpoints will communicate in one of four different modes: control, isochronous, bulk, or interrupt. A device always has at least one endpoint. This is a control endpoint at address 0 and is used to give commands to the device and extract basic data, such as descriptors, from the device. Each endpoint, except the control endpoint, is unidirectional. .Pp The endpoints in a device are grouped into interfaces. An interface is a logical unit within a device; e.g., a compound device with both a keyboard and a trackball would present one interface for each. An interface can sometimes be set into different modes, called alternate settings, which affects how it operates. Different alternate settings can have different endpoints within it. .Pp A device may operate in different configurations. Depending on the configuration the device may present different sets of endpoints and interfaces. .Pp Each device located on a hub has several .Xr config 8 locators: .Pp .Bl -tag -width configuration -compact .It Cd port Number of the port on closest upstream hub. .It Cd configuration Configuration the device must be in for this driver to attach. This locator does not set the configuration; it is iterated by the bus enumeration. .It Cd interface Interface number within a device that an interface driver attaches to. .It Cd vendor 16-bit vendor ID of the device. .It Cd product 16-bit product ID of the device. .It Cd release 16-bit release (revision) number of the device. .El .Pp The first locator can be used to pin down a particular device according to its physical position in the device tree. The last three locators can be used to pin down a particular device according to what device it actually is. .Pp The bus enumeration of the USB bus proceeds in several steps: .Bl -enum .It Any device-specific driver can attach to the device. .It If none is found, any device class specific driver can attach. .It If none is found, all configurations are iterated over. For each configuration all the interfaces are iterated over and interface drivers can attach. If any interface driver attached in a certain configuration, the iteration over configurations is stopped. .It If still no drivers have been found, the generic USB driver can attach. .El .Sh USB CONTROLLER INTERFACE Use the following to get access to the USB specific structures and defines: .Bd -literal -offset indent #include .Ed .Pp The .Pa /dev/usbN device can be opened and a few operations can be performed on it. The following .Xr ioctl 2 commands are supported on the controller device: .Bl -tag -width xxxxxx .It Dv USB_DEVICEINFO Fa "struct usb_device_info" This command can be used to retrieve some information about a device on the bus. The .Va udi_addr field should be filled before the call and the other fields will be filled by information about the device on that address. Should no such device exist, an error is reported. .Bd -literal #define USB_MAX_DEVNAMES 4 #define USB_MAX_DEVNAMELEN 16 struct usb_device_info { u_int8_t udi_bus; u_int8_t udi_addr; /* device address */ char udi_product[USB_MAX_STRING_LEN]; char udi_vendor[USB_MAX_STRING_LEN]; char udi_release[8]; u_int16_t udi_productNo; u_int16_t udi_vendorNo; u_int16_t udi_releaseNo; u_int8_t udi_class; u_int8_t udi_subclass; u_int8_t udi_protocol; u_int8_t udi_config; u_int8_t udi_speed; #define USB_SPEED_LOW 1 #define USB_SPEED_FULL 2 #define USB_SPEED_HIGH 3 #define USB_SPEED_SUPER 4 u_int8_t udi_port; int udi_power; /* power consumption */ int udi_nports; char udi_devnames[USB_MAX_DEVNAMES] [USB_MAX_DEVNAMELEN]; u_int32_t udi_ports[16]; /* hub only */ char udi_serial[USB_MAX_STRING_LEN]; }; .Ed .Pp The .Va udi_bus field contains the device unit number of the device. .Pp The .Va udi_product , .Va udi_vendor , and .Va udi_release fields contain self-explanatory descriptions of the device. The .Va udi_productNo , .Va udi_vendorNo , and .Va udi_releaseNo fields contain numeric identifiers for the device. .Pp The .Va udi_class and .Va udi_subclass fields contain the device class and subclass. .Pp The .Va udi_config field shows the current configuration of the device. .Pp The .Va udi_protocol field contains the device protocol as given from the device. .Pp The .Va udi_speed field contains the speed of the device. .Pp The .Va udi_power field shows the power consumption in milli-amps drawn at 5 volts or is zero if the device is self powered. .Pp The .Va udi_devnames field contains the names and instance numbers of the device drivers for the devices attached to this device. .Pp If the device is a hub, the .Va udi_nports field is non-zero and the .Va udi_ports field contains the addresses of the connected devices. If no device is connected to a port, one of the .Dv USB_PORT_* values indicates its status. .It Dv USB_DEVICESTATS Fa "struct usb_device_stats" This command retrieves statistics about the controller. .Bd -unfilled struct usb_device_stats { u_long uds_requests[4]; }; .Ed .Pp The .Va uds_requests field is indexed by the transfer kind, i.e.\& .Dv UE_* , and indicates how many transfers of each kind have been completed by the controller. .It Dv USB_DEVICE_GET_DDESC Fa "struct usb_device_ddesc" This command can be used to retrieve the device descriptor of a device on the bus. The .Va udd_addr field needs to be filled with the bus device address: .Bd -literal struct usb_device_ddesc { u_int8_t udd_bus; u_int8_t udd_addr; /* device address */ usb_device_descriptor_t udd_desc; }; .Ed .Pp The .Va udd_bus field contains the device unit number. .Pp The .Va udd_desc field contains the device descriptor structure. .It Dv USB_DEVICE_GET_CDESC Fa "struct usb_device_cdesc" This command can be used to retrieve the configuration descriptor for the given configuration of a device on the bus. The .Va udc_addr field needs to be filled with the bus device address. The .Va udc_config_index field needs to be filled with the configuration index for the relevant configuration descriptor. For convenience the current configuration can be specified by .Dv USB_CURRENT_CONFIG_INDEX : .Bd -literal struct usb_device_cdesc { u_int8_t udc_bus; u_int8_t udc_addr; /* device address */ int udc_config_index; usb_config_descriptor_t udc_desc; }; .Ed .Pp The .Va udc_bus field contains the device unit number. .Pp The .Va udc_desc field contains the configuration descriptor structure. .It Dv USB_DEVICE_GET_FDESC Fa "struct usb_device_fdesc" This command can be used to retrieve all descriptors for the given configuration of a device on the bus. The .Va udf_addr field needs to be filled with the bus device address. The .Va udf_config_index field needs to be filled with the configuration index for the relevant configuration descriptor. For convenience the current configuration can be specified by .Dv USB_CURRENT_CONFIG_INDEX . The .Va udf_data field needs to point to a memory area of the size given in the .Va udf_size field. The proper size can be determined by first issuing a .Dv USB_DEVICE_GET_CDESC command and inspecting the .Va wTotalLength field: .Bd -literal struct usb_device_fdesc { u_int8_t udf_bus; u_int8_t udf_addr; /* device address */ int udf_config_index; u_int udf_size; u_char *udf_data; }; .Ed .Pp The .Va udf_bus field contains the device unit number. .Pp The .Va udf_data field contains all descriptors. .It Dv USB_REQUEST Fa "struct usb_ctl_request" This command can be used to execute arbitrary requests on the control pipe. This is .Em DANGEROUS and should be used with great care since it can destroy the bus integrity. .Pp The .Vt usb_ctl_request structure has the following definition: .Bd -literal typedef struct { uByte bmRequestType; uByte bRequest; uWord wValue; uWord wIndex; uWord wLength; } __packed usb_device_request_t; struct usb_ctl_request { int ucr_addr; usb_device_request_t ucr_request; void *ucr_data; int ucr_flags; #define USBD_SHORT_XFER_OK 0x04 /* allow short reads */ int ucr_actlen; /* actual length transferred */ }; .Ed .Pp The .Va ucr_addr field identifies the device on which to perform the request. The .Va ucr_request field identifies parameters of the request, such as length and type. The .Va ucr_data field contains the location where data will be read from or written to. The .Va ucr_flags field specifies options for the request, and the .Va ucr_actlen field contains the actual length transferred as the result of the request. .El .Pp The include file .In dev/usb/usb.h contains definitions for the types used by the various .Xr ioctl 2 calls. The naming convention of the fields for the various USB descriptors exactly follows the naming in the USB specification. Byte sized fields can be accessed directly, but word (16-bit) sized fields must be accessed by the .Fn UGETW field and .Fn USETW field value macros and double word (32-bit) sized fields must be accessed by the .Fn UGETDW field and .Fn USETDW field value macros to handle byte order and alignment properly. .Pp The include file .In dev/usb/usbhid.h similarly contains the definitions for Human Interface Devices (HID). .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr usbhidaction 1 , .Xr usbhidctl 1 , .Xr ioctl 2 , .Xr dwctwo 4 , .Xr ehci 4 , .Xr ohci 4 , .Xr uhci 4 , .Xr xhci 4 , .Xr config 8 , .Xr usbdevs 8 .Pp The USB specifications can be found at: .Lk https://www.usb.org/documents .Sh HISTORY The .Nm driver appeared in .Ox 2.6 .