.\"	$OpenBSD: makefs.8,v 1.21 2023/04/25 08:57:11 krw Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: makefs.8,v 1.55 2015/11/25 16:32:00 wiz Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Wasabi Systems, Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc.
.\"
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.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"      This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
.\"      Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\"    or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
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.Dd $Mdocdate: April 25 2023 $
.Dt MAKEFS 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm makefs
.Nd create a file system image from a directory tree
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl b Ar free-blocks
.Op Fl f Ar free-files
.Op Fl M Ar minimum-size
.Op Fl m Ar maximum-size
.Op Fl O Ar offset
.Op Fl o Ar fs-options
.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
.Op Fl s Ar image-size
.Op Fl T Ar timestamp
.Op Fl t Ar fs-type
.Ar image-file
.Ar directory
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The utility
.Nm
creates a file system image into
.Ar image-file
from the directory tree
.Ar directory .
No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width flag
.It Fl b Ar free-blocks
Ensure that a minimum of
.Ar free-blocks
exist in the image.
An optional
.Ql %
suffix may be provided to indicate that
.Ar free-blocks
indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
.It Fl f Ar free-files
Ensure that a minimum of
.Ar free-files
(inodes) exist in the image.
An optional
.Ql %
suffix may be provided to indicate that
.Ar free-files
indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
.It Fl M Ar minimum-size
Set the minimum size of the file system image to
.Ar minimum-size .
.It Fl m Ar maximum-size
Set the maximum size of the file system image to
.Ar maximum-size .
An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger
than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.
.It Fl O Ar offset
Instead of creating the file system at the beginning of the file, start
at offset.
Valid only for
.Sy ffs
and
.Sy msdos .
.It Fl o Ar fs-options
Set file system specific options.
.Ar fs-options
is a comma separated list of options.
Valid file system specific options are detailed below.
.It Fl S Ar sector-size
Set the file system sector size to
.Ar sector-size .
.\" XXX: next line also true for cd9660?
Defaults to 512.
.It Fl s Ar image-size
Set the size of the file system image to
.Ar image-size .
.It Fl T Ar timestamp
Specify a timestamp to be set for all file system files and directories
created so that repeatable builds are possible.
The
.Ar timestamp
is an integer value interpreted as the number of seconds from the Epoch.
.It Fl t Ar fs-type
Create an
.Ar fs-type
file system image.
The following file system types are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width cd9660 -offset indent -compact
.It Sy cd9660
ISO 9660 file system.
.It Sy ffs
BSD Fast File System (the default).
.It Sy msdos
FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system.
.El
.El
.Pp
Sizes are specified as a decimal number of bytes
and may use a multiplier, as documented in
.Xr scan_scaled 3 .
Two or more numbers may be separated by an
.Sq x
to indicate a product.
.Ss ffs options
.Sy ffs
images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign
.Pq Ql = ,
and a value.
The following keywords are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
.It Sy avgfilesize
Expected average file size.
.It Sy avgfpdir
Expected number of files per directory.
.It Sy bsize
Block size.
.It Sy density
Bytes per inode.
.It Sy disklabel
Name of a disk described in
.Xr disktab 5 .
A disklabel with the information will be written at a machine dependent
location in the image.
The size of the file system image, the sector size and the
.Sy bsize
and
.Sy fsize
parameters are inferred from the disklabel.
.It Sy extent
Maximum extent size.
.It Sy fsize
Fragment size.
.It Sy label
Label name of the image.
.It Sy maxbpcg
Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
.It Sy maxbpg
Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
.It Sy minfree
Minimum % free.
.It Sy optimization
Optimization preference: one of
.Ql space
(default)
or
.Ql time .
.It Sy rdroot
A disklabel appropriate for a ramdisk will be built and
written at a machine dependent location in the image.
The filesystem will be described by a FS_BSDFFS partition
.Sq a ,
with defaults offset=0, fsize=512, bsize=4096, minfree=0 and density=4096.
.It Sy version
UFS version.
1 for FFS (default) or 2 for UFS2.
.El
.Ss cd9660 options
.Sy cd9660
images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be
provided.
The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign
.Pq Ql = ,
and a value.
The following keywords are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
.It Sy allow-deep-trees
Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in
the spec.
.It Sy allow-multidot
Allow multiple dots in a filename.
.It Sy applicationid
Application ID of the image.
.It Sy boot-load-segment
Set load segment for the boot image.
.It Sy bootimage
Filename of a boot image in the format
.Dq sysid;filename ,
where
.Dq sysid
is one of
.Ql i386 ,
.Ql macppc ,
.Ql powerpc ,
or
.Ql efi .
.It Sy generic-bootimage
Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the CD9660 image.
.It Sy hard-disk-boot
Boot image is a hard disk image.
.It Sy isolevel
ISO Level.
.It Sy label
Label name of the image.
.It Sy no-boot
Boot image is not bootable.
.It Sy no-emul-boot
Boot image is a
.Dq no emulation
ElTorito image.
.It Sy no-trailing-padding
Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding).
.It Sy omit-trailing-period
Omit trailing periods in filenames.
.It Sy preparer
Preparer ID of the image.
.It Sy publisher
Publisher ID of the image.
.It Sy rockridge
Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.).
.It Sy volumeid
Volume set identifier of the image.
.El
.Ss msdos options
.Sy msdos
images have MS-DOS-specific optional parameters that may be
provided.
The arguments consist of a keyword, an equal sign
.Pq Ql = ,
and a value.
The following keywords are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
.It Cm backup_sector
Location of the backup boot sector.
.It Cm block_size
Block size.
.It Cm bootstrap
Bootstrap file.
.It Cm bytes_per_sector
Bytes per sector.
.It Cm create_size
Create file size.
.It Cm directory_entries
Directory entries.
.It Cm drive_heads
Drive heads.
.It Cm fat_type
FAT type (12, 16, or 32).
.It Cm floppy
Preset drive parameters for standard format floppy disks
(160, 180, 320, 360, 640, 720, 1200, 1232, 1440, or 2880).
.It Cm hidden_sectors
Hidden sectors.
.It Cm info_sector
Location of the info sector.
.It Cm media_descriptor
Media descriptor.
.It Cm num_FAT
Number of FATs.
.It Cm OEM_string
OEM string.
.It Cm offset
Offset in device.
.It Cm reserved_sectors
Reserved sectors.
.It Cm sectors_per_cluster
Sectors per cluster.
.It Cm sectors_per_fat
Sectors per FAT.
.It Cm sectors_per_track
Sectors per track.
.It Cm size
File System size.
.It Cm volume_id
Volume ID.
.It Cm volume_label
Volume Label.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr scan_scaled 3 ,
.Xr installboot 8 ,
.Xr newfs 8
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
utility appeared in
.Nx 1.6 .
.Sh AUTHORS
.An -nosplit
.An Luke Mewburn
.Aq lukem@NetBSD.org
(original program),
.An Daniel Watt ,
.An Walter Deignan ,
.An Ryan Gabrys ,
.An Alan Perez-Rathke ,
.An Ram Vedam
(cd9660 support),
and
.An Christos Zoulas
(msdos support).