.\"	$OpenBSD: pkg_add.1,v 1.168 2024/10/02 09:14:08 tb Exp $
.\"
.\" Documentation and design originally from FreeBSD. All the code has
.\" been rewritten since. We keep the documentation's notice:
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\"
.\" Jordan K. Hubbard
.\"
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: October 2 2024 $
.Dt PKG_ADD 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm pkg_add
.Nd install or update software packages
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm pkg_add
.Bk -words
.Op Fl acIimnqrsUuVvxz
.Op Fl A Ar arch
.Op Fl B Ar pkg-destdir
.Op Fl D Ar name Ns Op = Ns Ar value
.Op Fl L Ar localbase
.Op Fl l Ar file
.Op Fl P Ar type
.Op Ar pkg-name ...
.Ek
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
command is used to install or update
.Xr packages 7
created from the
.Xr ports 7
tree.
.Bd -filled -offset indent
.Em Note :
System distribution files, e.g., base71.tgz, comp71.tgz, are
.Em not
packages and may not be installed using
.Nm .
.Ed
.Pp
By default,
.Nm
rejects unsigned packages unless they come from a trusted source
.Po
.Ev TRUSTED_PKG_PATH
.Pc
or option
.Fl D Cm unsigned
is used.
.Pp
If a package is signed:
.Bl -bullet
.It
.Nm
checks that its signature is valid and that the signature was
emitted by a valid signing key, as stored in
.Pa /etc/signify/*-pkg.pub ,
.It
.Nm
verifies that the compressed package data matches the signature, before
it decompresses and unpacks files
.Po
see
.Xr signify 1
in
.Fl z
mode
.Pc .
.El
.Pp
.Nm
can be used to
.Bl -bullet
.It
Install new packages.
This is the normal mode.
The
.Ar pkg-name ...
specified on the command line are new package names to install.
.It
Update installed packages, using option
.Fl u .
Optional
.Ar pkg-name ...
may be specified on the command line, as names of packages already installed
on the machine, to be updated to new versions along with their dependencies.
If no name is specified, all the packages will be updated.
.It
Install new packages in a hurry, updating their dependencies first,
using option
.Fl U .
The
.Ar pkg-name ...
specified on the command line are new packages that may require updating
dependencies first.
It is recommended to keep all packages in-synch
with
.Fl u
whenever possible, but
.Fl U
can be much faster.
.It
Replace existing packages with explicit other versions, using option
.Fl r .
The
.Ar pkg-name ...
specified on the command line are new packages that should replace
already installed packages, with other versions or flavors.
.El
.Pp
.Nm
relies on the file system information being consistent.
In case of a system crash,
.Pa /var/db/pkg
may become corrupted.
Use
.Xr pkg_check 8
to repair things.
.Pp
Details of packing-list internals are documented in
.Xr pkg_create 1 .
.Pp
.Nm
will
.Xr syslog 3
installations and updates by default.
.Pp
Each package name may be specified as a filename (which normally consists of the
package name itself plus the
.Dq .tgz
suffix) or a URL referring to FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, or SCP locations.
If the given package names are not found in the current working directory,
.Nm
will search for them in each directory (local or remote) named by the
.Ev TRUSTED_PKG_PATH
environment variable,
then the
.Ev PKG_PATH
environment variable.
The special url
.Sq installpath
refers to the contents of
.Xr installurl 5 .
If neither
.Ev TRUSTED_PKG_PATH
nor
.Ev PKG_PATH
are defined,
.Nm
will use
.Sq ./:installpath
as a default.
.Pp
.Nm
also understands
.Sq stems ,
that is, package names without any version specification.
For instance, with
.Sq Nm Ar kdelibs ,
.Nm
will look in the current directory
.Po
or the
.Ev PKG_PATH
.Pc
for a
.Ar kdelibs
package.
.Pp
.Nm
may ask questions in interactive mode, or error out otherwise.
Interactive mode is the default on a tty, see
options
.Fl I/i .
.Pp
For instance
.Sq Nm Ar vim
is ambiguous as it matches
.Ar vim-*-no_x11 ,
.Ar vim-*-gtk3 ,
and a few other flavors.
.Pp
To avoid ambiguities,
.Nm
supports
.Sq stems with flavors ,
that is, a stem separated from flavors with a double dash.
For instance, the previous ambiguity could be resolved by using
.Sq Nm Ar vim--no_x11
(matches only the no_x11 flavor)
or
.Sq Nm Ar vim--gtk3
(matches only the gtk3 flavor).
.Pp
There is also an ambiguity related to ports with multiple branches.
For instance
.Sq Nm Ar python
is ambiguous, as there are several versions of python in the ports tree.
So is
.Sq Nm Ar postfix .
The special form
.Sq Ar pkgname Ns % Ns Ar branch
can be used to restrict matches to a branch matching the
.Xr pkgpath 7 .
.Pp
The above ambiguities can be resolved using
.Sq Nm Ar postfix Ns % Ns Ar stable
and
.Sq Nm Ar python Ns % Ns Ar 3.9 ,
respectively.
.Pp
All paths recognize certain special sequences,
which are expanded as follows:
.Bl -tag -width "%m"
.It %a
The package architecture as returned by
.Xr arch 1
.Fl s .
.It %v
The operating system version in the format
.Dq digit dot digit .
.It %c
Expands to the string
.Qq snapshots
when running a -current or -beta kernel, or if the command line option
.Fl D Cm snap | Fl D Cm snapshot
is specified.
Otherwise, %c expands to %v, which selects a release version.
.It %m
The full mirror path,
.Qq /pub/OpenBSD/%c/packages/%a/ .
.El
.Pp
If the resulting path contains
.Qq %c/packages
and %c is not
.Qq snapshots ,
then a second directory is also searched, which is constructed by replacing
.Qq packages
with
.Qq packages-stable .
.Pp
The following examples are valid:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
pkg_add -v http://ftp.openbsd.org/%m/rsync--
pkg_add -v http://ftp.openbsd.org/%m/m4
pkg_add -v scp://login@host/usr/ports/packages/%a/all/tcl%8.5
.Ed
.Pp
If the environment variable
.Ev PKG_CACHE
is set to a directory name, every package retrieved from a distant location
will also be copied here.
.Pp
If the environment variable
.Ev DEBUG_PKG_CACHE
is set to a directory name, debug packages matching installed/updated packages
will be downloaded to that directory
.Po
this is to avoid
.Sq shearing ,
as later on, you might wish to debug software, but the snapshots will have
moved on and the debug packages no longer match your installation
.Pc .
This only applies to debug packages that are not currently installed/updated.
.Pp
Some packages may depend on other packages.
When resolving dependencies
.Nm
will first look at already installed packages, then match
dependencies with the list of packages left to install, then ask the
user's opinion in interactive mode,
then install default packages that satisfy the dependencies.
.Pp
.Sy Warning :
Since
.Nm
may execute scripts or programs contained within a package file,
your system may be susceptible to
.Dq trojan horses
or other subtle attacks from miscreants who create dangerous packages.
Be sure the specified package(s) are from trusted sources.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width keyword
.It Fl A Ar arch
Assume
.Ar arch
as current machine architecture for any package tests.
.It Fl a
Automated package installation; do not record packages as installed manually.
.It Fl aa
Force already installed packages to be tagged as installed automatically.
.It Fl B Ar pkg-destdir
Set
.Ar pkg-destdir
as the prefix to prepend to any object extracted from the package.
.It Fl c
While replacing packages, delete extra configuration file in the old package,
mentioned as
.Dl @extra file
in the packing-list.
.It Fl D Ar name Ns Op = Ns Ar value
Force installation of the package.
.Ar name
is a keyword that states what failsafe
should be waived.
Recognized keywords include:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "updatedependsXX" -compact
.It Cm allversions
Do not trim older p* variants of packages for updates.
.It Cm arch
Architecture recorded in package may not match.
.It Cm checksum
Verify checksums before deleting or tying old files.
.It Cm dontmerge
By default, if dependencies are too strict,
.Nm
will merge updates together to make sure everything stays in sync.
.Fl D Ns Cm dontmerge
disables that behavior.
.It Cm donttie
By default,
.Nm
will try to find new files in old packages by comparing the stored sha256,
and tie the entries together to avoid extracting files needlessly.
.Fl D Ns Cm donttie
disables that behavior.
.It Cm downgrade
Don't filter out package versions older than what's currently installed.
.It Cm installed
In update mode, reinstall an existing package with the same update signature.
.It Cm nonroot
Install even if not running as root.
.It Cm repair
Attempt to repair installed packages with missing registration data.
.It Cm scripts
External scripts may fail.
.It Cm SIGNER
List of trusted signers, separated by commas.
Corresponds to list of public keys under
.Pa /etc/signify
we want to trust.
Defaults to any key matching
.Sq *pkg .
.It Cm snap | Cm snapshot
Force
.Sq %c
and
.Sq %m
to expand to
.Sq snapshots ,
even on a release kernel.
.It Cm unsigned
Allow the installation of unsigned packages without warnings/errors.
But see
.Ev TRUSTED_PKG_PATH ,
which is more discriminating.
.It Cm updatedepends
Force update even if dependencies no longer match.
.El
.It Fl I
Force non-interactive mode.
Default is to be interactive when run from a tty.
.It Fl i
Force interactive mode, even if not run from a tty.
.Nm
may ask questions to the user if faced with difficult decisions.
.It Fl L Ar localbase
Install a package under
.Ar localbase .
By default,
.Ar localbase
equals
.Pa /usr/local ,
and specifying it is not necessary.
However, packages can be created using a different
.Ar localbase
.Po
see
.Xr pkg_create 1
.Pc ,
and those packages can only be installed by using the same
.Ar localbase .
See
.Xr bsd.port.mk 5
for a description of
.Ev LOCALBASE .
.It Fl l Ar file
Installs packages from the raw output of
.Xr pkg_info 1 ,
as saved in
.Ar file .
Generally, to reproduce an installation from machine to machine,
use
.Li pkg_info -mz \*(Gtinstalled_list
on the source machine and
.Li pkg_add -l installed_list
on the destination machine.
.It Fl m
Causes
.Nm
to always display the progress meter in cases it would not do so by default.
.It Fl n
Don't actually install a package, just report the steps that
would be taken if it was.
Will still copy packages to
.Ev PKG_CACHE
if applicable.
.It Fl P Ar ftp
Check that package can be distributed on ftp.
.It Fl qq
Do not bother with checksums for configuration files.
.It Fl r
Replace existing packages.
.It Fl s
Don't actually install packages, skip as many steps as needed and report
only the disk size changes that would happen.
Similar to
.Fl n ,
except it also skips fetching full packages and stops at getting the
information it needs.
.It Fl U
Update dependencies if required before installing the new package(s).
.It Fl u
Update the given installed
.Ar pkgname(s) ,
and anything it depends upon.
If no
.Ar pkgname
is given,
.Nm
will update all installed packages.
This relies on
.Ev PKG_PATH
to figure out the new package names.
.It Fl V
Displays the number of packages done/total number of packages.
.It Fl v
Turn on verbose output.
Several
.Fl v
turn on more verbose output.
By default,
.Nm
is almost completely silent, but it reacts to keyboard status requests
.Po
see
.Xr stty 1
.Pc .
.Fl v
turns on basic messages,
.Fl vv
adds relevant system operations,
.Fl vvv
shows most internal computations apart from individual file/directory
additions,
.Fl vvvv
also shows dependencies adjustments, and
.Fl vvvvv
shows everything.
.It Fl x
Disable progress meter.
.It Fl z
Fuzzy package addition:
.Nm
will do its best to match package names passed on the command line,
even if the versions don't match and it will proceed even if
some packages can't be found.
.El
.Pp
By default, when adding packages via FTP, the
.Xr ftp 1
program operates in
.Dq passive
mode.
If you wish to use active mode instead, set the
.Ev FTPMODE
environment variable to
.Dq active .
If
.Nm
consistently fails to fetch a package from a site known to work,
it may be because the site does not support
passive mode FTP correctly.
This is very rare since
.Nm
will try active mode FTP if the server refuses a passive mode
connection.
.Ss Manual installation
.Nm
differentiates between packages specified on the command line, and packages
installed automatically because of inter-dependencies:
the first kind will be tagged as
.Sq installed manually .
The
.Fl a
option is used internally by the
.Xr ports 7
infrastructure
and
.Xr dpb 1
to handle dependencies.
.Pp
It is also possible to tweak the
.Sq installed manually
status of a package after the fact.
Running
.Nm
on an already installed package will tag it as
.Sq installed manually ,
even if it was already there as a dependency of something else,
and doubling the
.Fl a
option will remove the
.Sq installed manually
tag from installed packages.
.Pp
.Xr pkg_info 1
can be used to show only manually-installed packages, and
.Xr pkg_delete 1
can be used to remove dependencies when they are no longer needed.
.Ss Technical details
.Nm
deals with
.Sq updatesets
internally.
An updateset is a collection of old package(s) to delete, and new package(s)
to install, as an atomic operation.
Under normal circumstances, an updateset contains at most one old package
and one new package, but some situations may require
.Nm
to perform several installations/deletions at once.
.Pp
For each new package in an updateset,
.Nm
extracts the package's
.Dq packing information
(the packing-list and description mostly)
into a special staging directory under
.Pa /tmp
(or
.Ev PKG_TMPDIR
if set)
and then runs through the following sequence to fully extract the contents
of the package:
.Bl -enum
.It
A check is made to determine if the package is already recorded as installed.
If it is,
the installation is terminated.
.It
A check is made to determine if the package conflicts (from
.Cm @conflict
directives; see
.Xr pkg_create 1 )
with a package already recorded as installed.
In non-replacement mode, its installation is terminated.
.It
For packages tagged with architecture constraints,
.Nm
verifies that the current machine architecture agrees with the constraints.
.It
All package dependencies (from
.Cm @depend
and
.Cm @wantlib
directives; see
.Xr pkg_create 1 )
are read from the packing-list.
If any of these dependencies are not currently fulfilled,
an attempt is made to find a package that meets them and install it,
looking first in the current updateset, then in the list of packages
to install passed to
.Nm ;
if no adequate package can be found and installed,
the installation is terminated.
.It
.Nm
checks for collisions with installed file names, read-only file systems,
and enough space to store files.
.It
The packing-list is used as a guide for extracting
files from the package into their final locations.
.It
After installation is complete, a copy of all package files
such as the packing-list, extra messages, or
the description file is made into
.Pa /var/db/pkg/<pkg-name>
for subsequent possible use by
.Xr pkg_delete 1
and
.Xr pkg_info 1 .
Any package dependencies are recorded in the other packages'
.Pa /var/db/pkg/<other-pkg>/+REQUIRED_BY
file
(if the environment variable
.Ev PKG_DBDIR
is set, this overrides the
.Pa /var/db/pkg/
path shown above).
.It
Finally, the staging area is deleted and the program terminates.
.El
.Pp
Note that it is safe to interrupt
.Nm pkg_add
through
.Dv SIGINT ,
.Dv SIGHUP ,
and other signals, as it will safely record an interrupted install as
.Pa partial-<pkgname>[.n] .
.Pp
When replacing packages, the procedure is slightly different.
.Bl -enum
.It
A check is made to determine if a similar package is already installed.
If so, its full update signature is computed, which contains all the
necessary dependency information along with the actual package version.
If that signature is identical to that of the new package, no replacement
is performed (unless
.Fl D Cm installed
is specified).
.It
A check is made to determine what old package(s) the new package(s) should
replace, using conflicts.
.Nm
will attempt to update those packages.
If they update to the new package(s), nothing needs to be done.
If they're part of the list of updatesets to install, the corresponding
updatesets will be merged.
Otherwise,
.Nm
will add them to the current updateset, and rerun update to find suitable
updates to those packages.
.It
A check is made to determine whether the old packages will be deleted without
issue, and whether the new packages will install correctly.
This includes verifying
that the new package still matches dependencies (unless
.Fl D Cm updatedepends ) .
.It
Shared libraries deserve special treatment: each shared library from the old
packages that does no longer exist in the new packages, but that is required
from a wantlib of another package is kept along in a stub package named
.Pa \&.libs-<pkgname> .
.It
.Nm
uses sha256 checksums to avoid extracting too much: if a file from an
old package didn't change, it will be reused verbatim, and the extraction
will often finish early.
.It
The new packages are extracted to the filesystem, using temporary filenames
of the form
.Pa pkg.XXXXXXX
if necessary to avoid conflicts with the old packages.
The packing-list is amended to record these names as @temp annotations,
in cases the installation fails.
.It
The old packages are deleted as usual, except that some packages may still
depend on them.
Note also that
.Cm @unexec-delete
commands are not executed.
.It
The new packages are installed as usual, except that the files are already
present and only need to be renamed.
Note also that
.Cm @exec-add
commands are not executed.
.It
Dependencies from the old packages are adjusted to point to the correct new
package.
.El
.Pp
To update packages in -u mode,
.Nm
performs the following steps.
.Bl -enum
.It
Each package name is reduced to its stem, and every package name with matching
stem available through
.Ev PKG_PATH
is considered as an update candidate.
.It
.Nm
searches for a
.Sq quirks
package first, which may contain exceptions to these rules.
This special package contains global information, such as packages that
can be deleted because they're now part of base, or stem changes.
.It
Version matching occurs: unless
.Fl D Cm downgrade ,
only packages with newer
versions will be considered as update candidates.
Note that version matching is costly, thus
.Ev PKG_PATH
should point to a snapshot of packages for a given version of
.Ox ,
similar to the organization on the FTP sites.
.It
Candidates are then matched according to their pkgpaths
.Po
see
.Xr pkgpath 7
and
.Xr pkg_create 1
.Pc
in order to weed out similar packages with distinct options.
.It
The update signature of the candidate is compared to the signature of the
already installed package: identical signatures mean no update needed.
.It
If several candidates are left,
.Nm
will ask the user in interactive mode, and not perform the update in
non-interactive mode.
.It
Once a suitable update candidate has been found,
.Nm
checks the package dependencies.
If necessary, it will install or update them first.
Once all dependencies are up to date,
.Nm
will update the package.
.El
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
.Bl -tag -width PKG_CHECKSUM
.It Ev DEBUG_PKG_CACHE
If set, debug packages matching installed/updated packages will be downloaded
to that directory as well.
.It Ev FTPMODE
Specifies whether
.Xr ftp 1
should operate in
.Dq active
or
.Dq passive
mode.
The default is
.Dq passive .
.It Ev FETCH_CMD
Override use of
.Xr ftp 1 .
Must point to a command that understands
.Li ${FETCH_CMD} -o - url .
.It Ev PKG_CACHE
If set, any package retrieved from a distant location will be copied to
that directory as well.
.It Ev PKG_CHECKSUM
If set, verify files checksums during deletion, exactly like
.Fl D Ns Cm checksum .
.It Ev PKG_DBDIR
Where to register packages instead of
.Pa /var/db/pkg .
.It Ev PKG_PATH
If a given package name cannot be found,
the directories named by
.Ev PKG_PATH
are searched.
It should contain a series of entries separated by colons.
Each entry consists of a directory name.
URL schemes such as FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, or SCP are also appropriate.
The current directory may be indicated
implicitly by an empty directory name, or explicitly by a single
period
.Pq Ql \&./ .
Special sequences
.Sq %a ,
.Sq %c ,
.Sq %m ,
.Sq %v
will be expanded.
.It Ev PKG_TMPDIR
Temporary area where package information files will be extracted, instead of
.Pa /tmp .
.It Ev TRUSTED_PKG_PATH
Same semantics as
.Ev PKG_PATH ,
but it is searched before
.Ev PKG_PATH
and waives any kind of signature checking.
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /etc/installurl
.It Pa /etc/installurl
default mirror server for package download
.It Pa /etc/signify/*-pkg.pub
public keys for package verification with
.Xr signify 1
.It Pa /usr/local/
default file system to install packages in
.It Pa /usr/local/share/doc/pkg-readmes/
.Ox Ns -specific
information about individual packages
.It Pa /var/db/pkg/
database of installed
.Xr packages 7
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ftp 1 ,
.Xr pkg_create 1 ,
.Xr pkg_delete 1 ,
.Xr pkg_info 1 ,
.Xr OpenBSD::Intro 3p ,
.Xr bsd.port.mk 5 ,
.Xr installurl 5 ,
.Xr package 5 ,
.Xr pkg_check 8
.Sh AUTHORS
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It An Jordan Hubbard
Initial design.
.It An Marc Espie
Complete rewrite.
.El